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مدونة علمية أدبية شاملة : " لا أحب الكتب لأنني زاهدٌ في الحياة .. ولكنني أحب الكتب لأن حياة واحدة لا تكفيني .. ومهما يأكل الإنسان فإنه لن يأكل بأكثر من معدة واحدة، ومهما يلبس فإنه لن يلبس علي غير جسدٍ واحد، ومهما يتنقل في البلاد فإنه لن يستطيع أن يحل في مكانين .. ولكنه بزاد الفكر والشعور والخيال يستطيع أن يجمع الحيوات في عمرٍ واحد، ويستطيع أن يضاعف فكره وشعوره وخياله كما يتضاعف الشعور بالحب المتبادل، وتتضاعف الصورة بين مرآتين .." العقاد

السبت، 7 نوفمبر 2015

تعلم وأتقن الإنجليزية بسهولة : Level 9 - حشمت كمال ...

تعلم وأتقن الإنجليزية بسهولة Level 9 - حشمت كمال

Level 9 [Meena] (H.K.)

Tenses [Meena] الأزمنة

بالنسبة للأزمنة سنكتبهم كلهم مع بعض ثم نشرحهم كلهم مع بعض ، وذلك للسهولة ولمقارنة كله ببعض وبالتالي إتقانهم أكثر . وللسهولة أكثر سنأخذ من ال pronouns معهم كلهم في هذا الجدول التالي "I" فقط ، ثم نستخدم بقية ال pronouns مع بعض التطبيقات .

وبرجاء الاهتمام بفهم وحفظ هذا الباب (الفصل) تماما ، لأنه هام جدا في المحادثات (conversations) ولأنه مبني عليه كل الأبواب التي تليه في هذا الكتاب.

ولا ننسى (بل دائما نذكر) أننا دائما سنختصر بعض الكلمات كالآتي :

Present = pr. / past = pa. / future = fu. / past participle = p.p. / simple = s. / continuous = cont. / perfect = perf. / verb = v. (H.K.)

ملحوظة : ستجد جداول فيها ال past participle (p.p.) ابتداء من صفحة 52

Tenses [Meena]
Simple (H.K.) بسيط	Pr.	I eat ( everyday , sometimes , always , usually , often)
	Pa.	I ate (yesterday , last night , in the past , ago)
	Fu.	I shall eat (tomorrow , next week , later) (H.K.)
Continuous مستمر V. be + --ing	Pr.	I am eating (now , nowadays, today)
	Pa.	I was eating (while , as , when)
	Fu.	I shall be eating (tomorrow , at that time)
Perfect تام V. have + p.p.	Pr.	I have eaten (already , just , almost , nearly , since , yet , not yet , ever , never , now , today)
	Pa.	I had eaten (before , after , when , until)
	Fu.	I shall have eaten (by) (H.K.)
Perfect continuous V.have + been + --ing	Pr.	I have been eating (for , since)
	Pa.	I had been eating (for , since , before)
	Fu.	I shall have been eating (for , on , after)

من الضروري جدا حفظ هذا الجدول لأنه سيفيد كثيرا جدا .

ونلاحظ إننا عندنا 12 زمن (12 tenses) ، s. , cont. , perf. , perf. cont. وكل واحد من هؤلاء الأربعة فيه pr. , pa. , fu. . وبجوار كل واحد بعض كلمات بين قوسين تسمى الkey words وهي الكلمات التي تساعد في تكوين هذا الزمن .

-- ال s. هو بسيط ، ليس فيه أي تعقيدات ولا أي شروط لتركيبه ولذلك سمى بسيط .

-- ال cont. وهو المستمر ، أي أنه فعل مستمر الآن في الpr. ، أو كان مستمر في الpa. أثناء حدوث فعل آخر أو أثناء وقت معين ، أو سيكون مستمر في الfu. أثناء حدوث فعل آخر أو أثناء وقت معين ، ويكون تركيبه ب verb be ثم ing في نهاية ال verb (مثل am eating).

-- ال perf. وهو التام ، وهو فعل ، بيتم (بينتهي) أو على وشك الانتهاء الآن ، أو تم (انتهى) أو كان على وشك الانتهاء في الماضي بالمقارنة بفعل آخر أو وقت معين ، أو سيتم (سينتهي) أو سيكون على وشك الانتهاء في المستقبل بالمقارنة بفعل آخر أو وقت معين. ويكون تركيبه بverb have ثم الp.p. (مثل have eaten ) .

-- ال perf. Cont. وهو التام المستمر ، وفيه نعرف طول مدة استمرار الفعل وبداية أو نهاية هذه المدة . في الpr. ما هي مدة استمراره إلى الآن أو متى بدأ ، وفي الpa. و ال fu. مدة استمراره من أو إلى حدوث فعل آخر أو وقت معين . ويكون تركيبه بverb have + been ثم ing في نهاية الفعل (مثل have been eating ) .

H.W. Complete the table using "drink" and one key word in each sentence

Tenses
Simple بسيط	Pr.	They always drink water (H.K.)
	Pa.	It
	Fu.	We
Continuous مستمر V. be + --ing	Pr.	She
	Pa.	He
	Fu.	You
Perfect تام V. have + p.p.	Pr.	You
	Pa.	They
	Fu.	It
Perfect continuous V.have + been + --ing [Meena]	Pr.	We
	Pa.	He
	Fu.	You

--- والآن سنأخذ أمثلة عن كل زمن (tense) في جداول أخرى مع بقية ال pronouns أو على هيئة أسئلة وأجوبة لتوضيح كل التفاصيل بقدر الإمكان: بالنسبة لل simple تم شرحه .

--- وبالنسبة لل continuous :

Continuous
Present	Past	Future
I am eating	I was eating	I shall be eating
You are eating	You were eating	You will be eating
He is eating	He was eating (H.K.)	He will be eating
She is eating	She was eating	She will be eating
It is eating	It was eating	It will be eating
We are eating	We were eating	We shall be eating
You are eating	You were eating	You will be eating
They are eating	They were eating	They will be eating

ونقول مثلا :

I'm praying now.أنا أصلي الآن

They were playing yesterday when I met them. هم كانوا يصلون بالأمس حينما قابلتهم

She will be walking tomorrow when you come. هي ستكون بتتمشى حينما تأتي غدا

ولعمل أسئلة وأجوبة :

Are you praying now? / Yes, I'm praying now / No, I'm not --

Were they playing yesterday when you met them? / Yes, they were playing yesterday when I met them / No, they were not playing --.

Will she be walking tomorrow when I come? / Yes, she will be walking tomorrow when you come / No, she'll not be walking --.

ولفهم المستمر أكثر ، نكرر ما قلناه في الصفحة السابقة (47) وهو أن ال cont. هو المستمر ، أي أنه فعل مستمر الآن ( في الpr. ) ، أو كان مستمر في الpa. أثناء حدوث فعل آخر أو أثناء وقت معين ، أو سيكون مستمر في الfu. ، أثناء حدوث فعل آخر أو أثناء وقت معين، ويكون تركيبه ب verb be ثم ing في نهاية ال verb (مثل am eating ) .

H.W. complete the following table like the previous one using verb "play"

أكمل الجدول القادم مثل السابق مستخدما الفعل "يلعب"

Continuous
Present	Past	Future
I am playing (H.K.)
You
	He was
She
		It will be playing [Meena]
	We
You
		They

--- N.B. : The present continuous is also used for the near future (like going to), specially with verbs of movement like "go, come, leave"

Ex: Ahmed is coming here next week. / They are leaving for U.S.A. on Friday.

--- ويجب ملاحظة أنه توجد بعض الأفعال(verbs) التي لا تأتي في الcontinuous أي لا نضيف لها ing ومنها : [Meena]

Like , love , believe , hate , see , hear , understand , consist , contain , possess , belong , resemble , recognize , want .

--- ولابد أن نذكر ما قلناه من قبل وهو انه عند إضافة ing لفعل ينتهي ب e نحذف ال e مثل write - writing ، وعند إضافة ing لفعل ينتهي بحرف ساكن قبله vowel ، نضاعف الحرف الساكن ، مثل get - getting .

--- في الpast continuous ، ممكن يكون الفعلين في الcontinuous tense

Ex: While he was reading , the children were playing . (H.K.)

--- وبالنسبة للperfect :

Perfect
Present	Past [Meena]	Future
I have eaten	I had eaten	I shall have eaten
You have eaten	You had eaten	You will have eaten
He has eaten	He had eaten	He will have eaten
She's eaten (H.K.)	She had eaten	She will have eaten
It's eaten	It had eaten	It will have eaten
We've eaten	We had eaten	We shall have eaten
You've eaten	You had eaten	You will have eaten
they've eaten	They had eaten	They will have eaten

H.W. complete the following table like the previous one using verb "walk"

أكمل الجدول القادم مثل السابق مستخدما الفعل "يمشي"

Perfect
Present	Past	Future
I have walked (H.K.)

ولعمل أسئلة وأجوبة :

Have you prayed yet? / Yes I've already prayed. / No, I haven't prayed yet.

Had she written the report before he came? / Yes, she had written it before he came. / No, she hadn't written it before he came. (H.K.)

Shall we have done the homework by 6:00 o'clock? / Yes, we shall have done it by 6:00 o'clock. / No, we shall not have done it by 6:00 o'clock.

ونكرر هنا أيضا ما قلناه في صفحة 47 وهو أن ال perf. هو التام ، وهو فعل ، بيتم (بينتهي) أو على وشك الانتهاء الآن ، أو تم (انتهى) أو كان على وشك الانتهاء في الماضي بالمقارنة بفعل آخر أو وقت معين ، أو سيتم (سينتهي) أو سيكون على وشك الانتهاء في المستقبل بالمقارنة بفعل آخر أو وقت معين. ويكون تركيبه بverb have ثم الp.p. (مثل have eaten ) [Meena] .

--- بالنسبة لل perfect continuous :

Perfect continuous
Present	Past	Future
I've been eating	I had been eating	I shall have been eating
You've been eating	You had been eating	You will have been eating
He's been eating	He had been eating	He will have been eating
She's been eating	She had been eating	She will have been eating
It's been eating	It had been eating (H.K.)	It will have been eating
We've been eating	We had been eating	We shall have been eating
You've been eating	You had been eating	You will have been eating
They've been eating	They had been eating	They will have been eating

H.W. complete the following table like the previous one using verb "talk"

أكمل الجدول القادم مثل السابق مستخدما الفعل "يتكلم"

Perfect continuous
Present	Past	Future
I've been talking (H.K.)

ولعمل أسئلة وأجوبة :

Have you been playing here since 5:00 o'clock? / Yes. I have been playing here since 5:00 o'clock. / No, I haven't been playing here since 5:00 , I've been playing just for half an hour. (H.K.)

Had they been praying for 3 hours before we went there? / Yes, they had been praying for 3 hours before we went there / No, they had not been ----.

Will you have been studying here for 5 hours by 10:00 o'clock? / yes, we shall have been studying here for 5 hours by 10:00 o'clock / No, we shall not have been studying ----. [Meena]

ونكرر أيضا ما قلناه عن ال perfect cont. في صفحة 47 وهو أن ال perf. Cont. هو التام المستمر ، وفيه نعرف طول مدة استمرار الفعل وبداية أو نهاية هذه المدة . في ال pr.نعرف ما هي مدة استمراره إلى الآن أو متى بدأ ، وفي الpa. و ال fu. نعرف مدة استمراره من أو إلى حدوث فعل آخر أو وقت معين . ويكون تركيبه بverb have + been ثم ing في نهاية الفعل (مثل have been eating ) .

H.W. Answer the questions with Yes and No: [Meena]

Is he drinking water now?

Yes, _____________________________

No, ______________________________

Has she already eaten?

Yes, _____________________

No,_______________________

Have they been praying for an hour now?

Yes, ____________________

(H.K.) No, ___________________________

Were you talking when I called her?

Yes, ___________________________

No, ______________________

Will they have eaten when I come?

Yes, __________________________

No, __________________________________

Will you have finished eating when we come?

Yes, _______________________________

No, _______________________________

Do you always drink tea in the morning?

Yes, _______________________________

No, ______________________________

Will she have been studying for an hour when we go to her?

Yes, ____________________________________

No, _____________________________________

Conjugation of verbs تصريف الأفعال

وهو تحويل الفعل ، إلى الماضي (past) وإلى اسم المفعول (past participle) أو تصريفهم مع الpronouns . [Meena]

وهنا نجد الأفعال المنتظمة (القياسية) (regular verbs) وهي التي تأخذ d أو ed أو ied في التصريف الثاني والثالث أ ي في ال past وفي ال past participle مثل : pray prayed prayed ، ويوجد الأفعال الغير منتظمة (الشاذة) (irregular verbs) وليس لهم قواعد في تصريفهم مثل : eat ate eaten .

The following is a table of conjugation of some regular verbs(that take d) :

Regular verbs (that take "d")				Regular verbs (that take "d")
Present (infinitive)	المعنى	Past	Past participle	Present (infinitive)	المعنى	Past	Past participle
Advise	ينصح	Advised	Advised	Hope	يرجو	Hoped	Hoped
Agree	يوافق	Agreed	Agreed	Like	يحب، يفضل	Liked	Liked
Arrange	يرتب	---d	---d	Love	يحب	Loved	Loved
Care	يعتني، يهتم	Cared	Cared	Manage	يدير	---d	---d
Continue	يستمر	---d	---d	Prepare	يحضر، يعد	---d	---d
Decide	يقرر	Decided	Decided	Promise	يوعد	---d	---d
Deserve	يستحق	---d	---d	Refuse	يرفض	---d	---d
Hate	يكره	---d	---d	Struggle	يصارع	---d	---d
Hesitate	يتردد	---d	---d	(H.K.)			[Meena]

The following is a table of conjugation of some regular verbs(that take ed) :

Regular verbs (that take "ed")				Regular verbs (that take "ed")
Present (infinitive)	المعنى	Past	Past participle	Present (infinitive)	المعنى	Past	Past participle
Affect	يؤثر	Affected	Affected	Learn [Meena]	يتعلم	Learned (learnt)	Learned (learnt)
Afford	يمد ، يقدر	Afforded	Afforded	Need	يحتاج	Needed	Needed
Appear	يظهر	---ed	---ed	Offend	يعثر	Offended	Offended
Arrest	يقبض على	Arrested	Arrested	Offer	يقدم، يعرض	Offered	Offered
Ask	يسأل	Asked	Asked	Plan	يخطط	Planed	Planed
Attack	يهاجم	Attacked	Attacked	Pretend	يتظاهر	---ed	---ed
Avoid	يتجنب	Avoided	Avoided	Regret	يندم	---ed	---ed
Beg	يتوسل	Begged	Begged	Resist	يقاوم	Resisted	Resisted
Blink	يرمش	Blinked	Blinked	Seem	يبدو	Seemed	Seemed
Claim	يطالب ب	Claimed	Claimed	Shop	يتسوق	Shopped	Shopped
Climb	يتسلق	Climbed	Climbed	Slow	يبطئ	Slowed	Slowed
Control [Meena]	يتحكم	---ed	---ed	Smell	يشم	Smelled (smelt)	Smelled (smelt)
Demand	يطلب	---ed	---ed (H.K.)	Spell	يتهجى	Spelled (spelt)	Spelled (spelt)
Discuss	يناقش	---ed	---ed	Start	يبدأ	Started	Started
Drop	يسقط	Dropped	Dropped	Step	يخطو	Stepped	Stepped
End	ينتهي	Ended	Ended	Stop	يقف	Stopped	Stopped
Expect	يتوقع	Expected	Expected	Switch	ينقل، يشغل	---ed	---ed
Fail	يسقط، يرسب	Failed	Failed	Threaten	يهدد	---ed	---ed
Float	يطفو	Floated	Floated	Travel	يسافر	---ed	---ed
Guess	يخمن	---ed	---ed	Wait	ينتظر	Waited	Waited
Harvest	يحصد	---ed	---ed	Want	يريد	Wanted	Wanted
Heat	يسخن	---ed	---ed	Water	يسقي	---ed	---ed
Intend	ينوي	---ed	---ed	Wish	يتمنى	Wished	Wished

The following is a table of conjugation of some regular verbs (that take ied) :

Regular verbs (that take "*ied*")				Regular verbs (that take "*ied*")
Present (infinitive)	المعنى	Past [Meena]	Past participle	Present (infinitive)	المعنى	Past (H.K.)	Past participle
Bury	يدفن	Buried	Buried	Reply	يجاوب	Replied	Replied
Carry	يحمل	Carried	Carried	Worry	يقلق	Worried	Worried
Marry	يتزوج	Married	Married	[Meena]

The following is a table of conjugation of some irregular verbs :

*Irregular verbs*				*Irregular verbs*
Present (infinitive)	المعنى	Past	Past participle	Present (infinitive)	المعنى	Past	Past participle
Am , is (be)	يكون	Was	Been	Leave [Meena]	يترك	Left	Left
Are (be)	يكون	Were	Been	Lend	يقرض	Lent	Lent
Bear	يحتمل	Bore	Borne	Let	يجعل	Let	Let
Beat	يضرب	Beat	Beat	Lie	يتمدد	Lay	Lain
Become	يصبح	Became	Become	Lie	يكذب	Lied	Lied
Begin	يبدأ	Began	Begun	Lose	يخسر، يفقد	Lost	Lost
Bend	يثتي	Bent	Bent	Make	يصنع	Made	Made
Bet	يراهن	Bet	Bet	Mean	يعني	Meant	Meant
Bid	يأمر	Bade	Bidden	Meet	يقابل	Met	Met
Bid	يزيد	Bid	Bid	Pay	يدفع	Paid	Paid
Bind	يربط	Bound	Bound	Put	يضع	Put	Put
Bite	يعض	Bit	Bitten	Read	يقرأ	Read	Read
Bleed	ينزف	Bled	Bled	Rebuild	يعيد بناء	Rebuilt	Rebuilt
Blow	ينفخ	Blew	Blown	Ride	يركب	Rode	Ridden
Break	يكسر	Broke	Broken	Ring	يرن	Rang	Rung
Breed	يربي	Bred	Bred	Rise	يرتفع، يقوم	Rose	Risen
Bring	يحضر	Brought	Brought	Run	يجري	Ran	Run
Build	يبني	Built	Built	Saw	ينشر	Sawed	Sawn
Burst	يفجر	Burst	Burst	Say	يقول	Said	Said
Buy	يشتري	Bought	Bought	See	يرى	Saw	Seen
Cast	يلقي	Cast	Cast	Seek	يبحث	Sought	Sought
Catch	يمسك	Caught	Caught	Sell	يبيع	Sold	Sold
Chide	يوبخ	Chided	Chidden	Send	يرسل	Sent	Sent
Choose	يختار	Chose	Chosen	Set	ينظم، يثبت	Set	Set
Cling [Meena]	يتعلق، يلتصق	Clung	Clung	Sew (H.K.)	يخيط	Sewed	Sewn
Come	يأتي	Came	Come	Shake	يهز	Shook	Shaken
Cost	يتكلف	Cost	Cost	Shine	يلمع	Shone	Shone
Creep	يزحف	Crept	Crept	Show	يظهر، يفرج	Showed	Shown
Cut	يقطع	Cut	Cut	Shrink	ينكمش	Shrank	Shrunk
Deal	يتعامل	Dealt	Dealt	Shut	يغلق	Shut	Shut
Dig	يحفر	Dug	Dug	Sing	يغني	Sang	Sung
Do	يعمل	Did	Done	Sink	يغطس	Sank	Sunk
Draw (H.K.)	يرسم، يسحب	Drew	Drawn	Sit	يجلس	Sat	Sat [Meena]
Dream	يحلم	Dreamt	Dreamt	Slay	يذبح	Slew	Slain
Drink	يشرب	Drank	Drunk	Sleep	ينام	Slept	Slept
Drive	يسوق	Drove	Driven	Slide	يتزحلق	Slid	Slid
Dwell	يسكن	Dwelt	Dwelt	Smell	يشم	Smelt	Smelt
Eat	يأكل	Ate	Eaten	Sow	يبذر	Sowed	Sown
Fall	يقع	Fell	Fallen	Speak	يتكلم	Spoke	Spoken
Feed	يغذي	Fed	Fed	Speed	يسرع	Sped	Sped
Feel	يشعر	Felt	Felt	Spell	يتهجى	Spelt	Spelt
Fight	يتشاجر	Fought	Fought	Spend	يصرف	Spent	Spent
Find	يجد	Found	Found	Spill	يدلق	Spilt	Spilt
Flee	يهرب	Fled	Fled	Split	يفصل، يشق	Split	Split
Fly	يطير	Flew	Flown	Spread	ينشر	Spread	Spread
Forbear	يرفض/ يترفق	Forbore	Forborne	Spring [Meena]	يقفز لأعلى	Sprang	Sprung
Forbid	يمنع	Forbade	Forbidden	Stand	يقف	Stood	Stood
Forget	ينسى	Forgot	Forgotten	Steal	يسرق	Stole	Stolen
Forgive	يسامح	Forgave	Forgiven	Stick	يلصق	Stuck	Stuck
Freeze	يجمد	Froze	Frozen	Sting	يلذغ	Stung	Stung
Get	يحضر	Got	Got / gotten	Strike	يضرب	Struck	Struck
Give	يعطي	Gave	Given	Strive	يجاهد	Strove	Striven
Go	يذهب	Went	Gone	Swear	يحلف	Swore	Sworn
Grind	يطحن	Ground	Ground	Sweep	يكنس	Swept	Swept
Grow	ينمو	Grew	Grown	Swim	يسبح	Swam	Swum
Hang	يشنق	Hanged	Hanged	Swing	يتأرجح	Swung	Swung
Hang	يعلق	Hung	Hung	Take	يأخذ	Took	Taken
Have	يملك ، عنده	Had [Meena]	Had	Teach	يعلم	Taught	Taught (H.K.)
Hear	يسمع	Heard	Heard	Tear	يمزق	Tore	Torn
Hide	يخبي	Hid	Hidden	Tell	يقول	Told	Told
Hit	يخبط	Hit	Hit	Think	يفكر	Thought	Thought
Hold	يمسك	Held	Held	Throw	يرمي	Threw	Thrown
Hurt	يضر، يجرح	Hurt	Hurt	Wear	يلبس	Wore	Worn
Keep	يحفظ، يخلي	Kept (H.K.)	Kept	Weep	يبكي	Wept	Wept
Kneel	يركع	Knelt	Knelt	Win	يكسب	Won	Won
Know	يعرف	Knew	Known	Write	يكتب	Wrote	Written
Lay	يضع	Laid	Laid
Lead	يقود	Led	Led