السبت، 7 نوفمبر 2015

تعلم وأتقن الإنجليزية بسهولة : Level 9 - حشمت كمال ...

تعلم وأتقن الإنجليزية بسهولة  Level 9  - حشمت كمال 
Level 9 [Meena]  (H.K.)
Tenses [Meena]   الأزمنة

بالنسبة للأزمنة سنكتبهم كلهم مع بعض ثم نشرحهم كلهم مع بعض ، وذلك للسهولة ولمقارنة كله ببعض وبالتالي إتقانهم أكثر . وللسهولة أكثر سنأخذ من ال pronouns   معهم كلهم في هذا الجدول التالي "I"    فقط ، ثم نستخدم بقية ال pronouns  مع بعض التطبيقات .

وبرجاء الاهتمام بفهم وحفظ هذا الباب (الفصل) تماما ، لأنه هام جدا في المحادثات (conversations) ولأنه مبني عليه كل الأبواب التي تليه في هذا الكتاب.
ولا ننسى (بل دائما نذكر) أننا دائما سنختصر بعض الكلمات كالآتي :
Present = pr.  /  past = pa.  /  future = fu.  /  past participle = p.p.  /  simple = s.  /  continuous = cont.  /  perfect = perf. / verb = v. (H.K.)
ملحوظة : ستجد جداول فيها ال past participle (p.p.) ابتداء من صفحة 52

Tenses [Meena]
Simple (H.K.)
بسيط
Pr.
I eat ( everyday , sometimes , always , usually , often)
Pa.
I ate (yesterday , last night , in the past , ago)
Fu.
I shall eat (tomorrow , next week , later) (H.K.)
Continuous
مستمر
V. be +  --ing
Pr.
I am eating (now , nowadays, today)
Pa.
I was eating (while , as , when)
Fu.
I shall be eating (tomorrow , at that time)
Perfect
تام
V. have + p.p.
Pr.
I have eaten (already , just , almost , nearly , since , yet , not yet , ever , never , now , today)
Pa.
I had eaten (before , after , when , until)
Fu.
I shall have eaten (by) (H.K.)
Perfect continuous
V.have + been + --ing
Pr.
I have been eating (for , since)
Pa.
I had been eating (for , since , before)
Fu.
I shall have been eating (for , on , after)

من الضروري جدا حفظ هذا الجدول لأنه سيفيد كثيرا جدا .
ونلاحظ إننا عندنا 12 زمن (12 tenses) ،  s. , cont. , perf. , perf. cont.    وكل واحد من هؤلاء الأربعة فيه pr. , pa. , fu.   . وبجوار كل واحد بعض كلمات بين قوسين تسمى الkey words   وهي الكلمات التي تساعد في تكوين هذا الزمن .
-- ال s.  هو بسيط  ، ليس فيه أي تعقيدات ولا أي شروط لتركيبه ولذلك سمى بسيط .
-- ال cont.  وهو المستمر ، أي أنه فعل مستمر الآن في الpr. ، أو كان مستمر في الpa. أثناء حدوث فعل آخر أو أثناء وقت معين ، أو سيكون مستمر في الfu. أثناء حدوث فعل آخر أو أثناء وقت معين ، ويكون تركيبه ب verb be  ثم ing   في نهاية ال verb  (مثل am eating).
-- ال perf.  وهو التام ،  وهو فعل ،   بيتم (بينتهي) أو على وشك الانتهاء الآن ، أو تم (انتهى) أو كان على وشك الانتهاء في الماضي بالمقارنة بفعل آخر أو وقت معين ، أو سيتم (سينتهي) أو سيكون على وشك الانتهاء في المستقبل بالمقارنة بفعل آخر أو وقت معين.    ويكون تركيبه بverb have     ثم الp.p.    (مثل have eaten )  .
-- ال perf. Cont.  وهو التام المستمر ، وفيه نعرف طول مدة استمرار الفعل وبداية أو نهاية هذه المدة .  في الpr. ما هي مدة استمراره إلى الآن أو متى بدأ ، وفي الpa.  و ال fu. مدة استمراره من أو إلى حدوث فعل آخر أو وقت معين .  ويكون تركيبه بverb have + been   ثم ing   في نهاية الفعل (مثل have been eating ) .
H.W. Complete the table using "drink" and one key word in each sentence
Tenses
Simple
بسيط
Pr.
They always drink water (H.K.)
Pa.
It
Fu.
We
Continuous
مستمر
V. be +  --ing
Pr.
She
Pa.
He
Fu.
You
Perfect
تام
V. have + p.p.
Pr.
You
Pa.
They
Fu.
It
Perfect continuous
V.have + been + --ing [Meena]
Pr.
We
Pa.
He
Fu.
You

---   والآن سنأخذ أمثلة عن كل زمن (tense) في جداول أخرى مع بقية ال pronouns أو على هيئة أسئلة وأجوبة لتوضيح كل التفاصيل بقدر الإمكان:         بالنسبة لل simple  تم شرحه .

---  وبالنسبة لل continuous :
Continuous
Present
Past
Future
I am eating
I was eating
I shall be eating
You are eating
You were eating
You will be eating
He is eating
He was eating (H.K.)
He will be eating
She is eating
She was eating
She will be eating
It is eating
It was eating
It will be eating
We are eating
We were eating
We shall be eating
You are eating
You were eating
You will be eating
They are eating
They were eating
They will be eating
ونقول مثلا :
I'm praying now.أنا أصلي الآن
They were playing yesterday when I met them. هم كانوا يصلون بالأمس حينما قابلتهم
She will be walking tomorrow when you come.  هي ستكون بتتمشى حينما تأتي غدا
ولعمل أسئلة وأجوبة :
Are you praying now? / Yes, I'm praying now / No, I'm not --
Were they playing yesterday when you met them? / Yes, they were playing yesterday when I met them / No, they were not playing --.
Will she be walking tomorrow when I come? /   Yes, she will be walking tomorrow when you come / No, she'll not be walking --.
ولفهم المستمر أكثر ، نكرر ما قلناه في  الصفحة السابقة (47)  وهو أن ال cont. هو المستمر ،  أي أنه فعل مستمر الآن ( في الpr. ) ،  أو كان مستمر في الpa. أثناء حدوث فعل آخر أو أثناء وقت معين ، أو سيكون مستمر في الfu. ، أثناء حدوث فعل آخر أو أثناء وقت معين،  ويكون تركيبه ب verb be    ثم ing    في نهاية ال    verb  (مثل am eating ) .
H.W. complete the following table like the previous one using verb "play"
 أكمل الجدول القادم مثل السابق مستخدما الفعل "يلعب"
Continuous
Present
Past
Future
I am playing (H.K.)


You



He was

She




It will be playing [Meena]

We

You




They

--- N.B. : The present continuous is also used for the near future (like going to),  specially with verbs of movement like "go, come, leave"
Ex: Ahmed is coming here next week.  / They are leaving for U.S.A. on Friday.
---  ويجب ملاحظة أنه توجد بعض الأفعال(verbs)    التي لا تأتي في الcontinuous أي لا نضيف لها ing ومنها : [Meena]
Like , love , believe , hate , see , hear , understand , consist , contain , possess , belong , resemble , recognize , want .
---  ولابد أن نذكر ما قلناه من قبل وهو انه عند إضافة ing  لفعل ينتهي ب e  نحذف ال e  مثل  write - writing ، وعند إضافة ing   لفعل ينتهي بحرف ساكن قبله vowel ، نضاعف الحرف الساكن ،  مثل get - getting .
---  في الpast continuous   ، ممكن يكون الفعلين في الcontinuous tense  
Ex: While he was reading , the children were playing . (H.K.)

---  وبالنسبة للperfect  :
Perfect
Present
Past [Meena]
Future
I have eaten
I had eaten
I shall have eaten
You have eaten
You had eaten
You will have eaten
He has eaten
He had eaten
He will have eaten
She's eaten (H.K.)
She had eaten
She will have eaten
It's eaten
It had eaten
It will have eaten
We've eaten
We had eaten
We shall have eaten
You've eaten
You had eaten
You will have eaten
they've eaten
They had eaten
They will have eaten

H.W. complete the following table like the previous one using verb "walk"
 أكمل الجدول القادم مثل السابق مستخدما الفعل "يمشي"
Perfect
Present
Past
Future
I have walked (H.K.)
























ولعمل أسئلة وأجوبة :
Have you prayed yet? / Yes I've already prayed. / No, I haven't prayed yet.
Had she written the report before he came? / Yes, she had written it before he came. / No, she hadn't written it before he came. (H.K.)
Shall we have done the homework by 6:00 o'clock? / Yes, we shall have done it by 6:00 o'clock. / No, we shall not have done it by 6:00 o'clock.
ونكرر هنا أيضا ما قلناه في صفحة 47 وهو أن ال perf. هو التام ، وهو فعل ، بيتم (بينتهي) أو على وشك الانتهاء الآن ، أو تم (انتهى) أو كان على وشك الانتهاء في الماضي بالمقارنة بفعل آخر أو وقت معين ، أو سيتم (سينتهي) أو سيكون على وشك الانتهاء في المستقبل بالمقارنة بفعل آخر أو وقت معين.     ويكون تركيبه بverb have   ثم الp.p.   (مثل have eaten ) [Meena]   .

---  بالنسبة لل perfect continuous :
Perfect continuous
Present
Past
Future
I've been eating
I had been eating
I shall have been eating
You've been eating
You had been eating
You will have been eating
He's been eating
He had been eating
He will have been eating
She's been eating
She had been eating
She will have been eating
It's been eating
It had been eating (H.K.)
It will have been eating
We've been eating
We had been eating
We shall have been eating
You've been eating
You had been eating
You will have been eating
They've been eating
They had been eating
They will have been eating

H.W. complete the following table like the previous one using verb "talk"
 أكمل الجدول القادم مثل السابق مستخدما الفعل "يتكلم"
Perfect continuous
Present
Past
Future
I've been talking (H.K.)
























ولعمل أسئلة وأجوبة :
Have you been playing here since 5:00 o'clock? / Yes. I have been playing here since 5:00 o'clock. / No, I haven't been playing here since 5:00 , I've been playing just for half an hour. (H.K.)
Had they been praying for 3 hours before we went there? / Yes, they had been praying for 3 hours before we went there  / No, they had not been ----.
Will you have been studying here for 5 hours by 10:00 o'clock? / yes, we shall have been studying here for 5 hours by 10:00 o'clock  / No, we shall not have been studying ----. [Meena]
ونكرر أيضا ما قلناه عن ال perfect cont.  في صفحة 47 وهو أن ال perf. Cont. هو التام المستمر ، وفيه نعرف طول مدة استمرار الفعل وبداية أو نهاية هذه المدة .  في ال pr.نعرف ما هي مدة استمراره إلى الآن أو متى بدأ ، وفي الpa.  و ال fu. نعرف مدة استمراره من أو إلى حدوث فعل آخر أو وقت معين .  ويكون تركيبه بverb have + been   ثم ing   في نهاية الفعل (مثل have been eating ) .
H.W. Answer the questions with Yes and No: [Meena]
Is he drinking water now? 
Yes, _____________________________ 
No, ______________________________

Has she already eaten?
 Yes, _____________________ 
No,_______________________

Have they been praying for an hour now?
 Yes, ____________________
 (H.K.)   No, ___________________________

Were you talking when I called her?
 Yes, ___________________________   
No, ______________________

Will they have eaten when I come?
 Yes, __________________________   
 No, __________________________________

Will you have finished eating when we come? 
Yes, _______________________________  
 No, _______________________________

Do you always drink tea in the morning?
Yes, _______________________________
 No, ______________________________

Will she have been studying for an hour when we go to her?
Yes, ____________________________________
No, _____________________________________


  Conjugation of verbs تصريف الأفعال

وهو تحويل الفعل ،  إلى الماضي (past)    وإلى اسم المفعول  (past participle)  أو تصريفهم مع الpronouns     . [Meena]
وهنا نجد الأفعال المنتظمة (القياسية) (regular verbs)  وهي التي تأخذ d   أو  ed أو  ied  في التصريف الثاني والثالث أ ي  في ال past    وفي ال  past participle   مثل :  pray prayed prayed   ،  ويوجد الأفعال الغير منتظمة (الشاذة) (irregular verbs) وليس لهم قواعد في تصريفهم مثل : eat ate eaten .

The following is a table of conjugation of some regular verbs(that take d) :
Regular verbs (that take "d")
Regular verbs (that take "d")
Present
(infinitive)
المعنى
Past
Past participle
Present
(infinitive)
المعنى
Past
Past participle
Advise
ينصح
Advised
Advised
Hope
يرجو
Hoped
Hoped
Agree
يوافق
Agreed
Agreed
Like
يحب، يفضل
Liked
Liked
Arrange
يرتب
---d
---d
Love
يحب
Loved
Loved
Care
يعتني، يهتم
Cared
Cared
Manage
يدير
---d
---d
Continue
يستمر
---d
---d
Prepare
يحضر، يعد
---d
---d
Decide
يقرر
Decided
Decided
Promise
يوعد
---d
---d
Deserve
يستحق
---d
---d
Refuse
يرفض
---d
---d
Hate
يكره
---d
---d
Struggle
يصارع
---d
---d
Hesitate
يتردد
---d
---d
(H.K.)


[Meena]

The following is a table of conjugation of some regular verbs(that take ed) :
Regular verbs (that take "ed")
Regular verbs (that take "ed")
Present
(infinitive)
المعنى
Past
Past participle
Present
(infinitive)
المعنى
Past
Past participle
Affect
يؤثر
Affected
Affected
Learn
[Meena]
يتعلم
Learned (learnt)
Learned (learnt)
Afford
يمد ، يقدر
Afforded
Afforded
Need
يحتاج
Needed
Needed
Appear
يظهر
---ed
---ed
Offend
يعثر
Offended
Offended
Arrest
يقبض على
Arrested
Arrested
Offer
يقدم، يعرض
Offered
Offered
Ask
يسأل
Asked
Asked
Plan
يخطط
Planed
Planed
Attack
يهاجم
Attacked
Attacked
Pretend
يتظاهر
---ed
---ed
Avoid
يتجنب
Avoided
Avoided
Regret
يندم
---ed
---ed
Beg
يتوسل
Begged
Begged
Resist
يقاوم
Resisted
Resisted
Blink
يرمش
Blinked
Blinked
Seem
يبدو
Seemed
Seemed
Claim
يطالب ب
Claimed
Claimed
Shop
يتسوق
Shopped
Shopped
Climb
يتسلق
Climbed
Climbed
Slow
يبطئ
Slowed
Slowed
Control
[Meena]
يتحكم
---ed
---ed
Smell
يشم
Smelled
(smelt)
Smelled
(smelt)
Demand
يطلب
---ed
---ed
(H.K.)
Spell
يتهجى
Spelled
(spelt)
Spelled
(spelt)
Discuss
يناقش
---ed
---ed
Start
يبدأ
Started
Started
Drop
يسقط
Dropped
Dropped
Step
يخطو
Stepped
Stepped
End
ينتهي
Ended
Ended
Stop
يقف
Stopped
Stopped
Expect
يتوقع
Expected
Expected
Switch
ينقل، يشغل
---ed
---ed
Fail
يسقط، يرسب
Failed
Failed
Threaten
يهدد
---ed
---ed
Float
يطفو
Floated
Floated
Travel
يسافر
---ed
---ed
Guess
يخمن
---ed
---ed
Wait
ينتظر
Waited
Waited
Harvest
يحصد
---ed
---ed
Want
يريد
Wanted
Wanted
Heat
يسخن
---ed
---ed
Water
يسقي
---ed
---ed
Intend
ينوي
---ed
---ed
Wish
يتمنى
Wished
Wished
  
The following is a table of conjugation of some regular verbs (that take ied) :
Regular verbs (that take "ied")
Regular verbs (that take "ied")
Present
(infinitive)
المعنى
Past
[Meena]
Past participle
Present
(infinitive)
المعنى
Past
(H.K.)
Past participle
Bury
يدفن
Buried
Buried
Reply
يجاوب
Replied
Replied
Carry
يحمل
Carried
Carried
Worry
يقلق
Worried
Worried
Marry
يتزوج
Married
Married
[Meena]




The following is a table of conjugation of some irregular verbs :
Irregular verbs
Irregular verbs
Present
(infinitive)
المعنى
Past
Past
participle
Present
(infinitive)
المعنى
Past
Past
participle
Am , is (be)
يكون
Was
Been
Leave
[Meena]
يترك
Left
Left
Are (be)
Were
Been
Lend
يقرض
Lent
Lent
Bear
يحتمل
Bore
Borne
Let
يجعل
Let
Let
Beat
يضرب
Beat
Beat
Lie
يتمدد
Lay
Lain
Become
يصبح
Became
Become
Lie
يكذب
Lied
Lied
Begin
يبدأ
Began
Begun
Lose
يخسر، يفقد
Lost
Lost
Bend
يثتي
Bent
Bent
Make
يصنع
Made
Made
Bet
يراهن
Bet
Bet
Mean
يعني
Meant
Meant
Bid
يأمر
Bade
Bidden
Meet
يقابل
Met
Met
Bid
يزيد
Bid
Bid
Pay
يدفع
Paid
Paid
Bind
يربط
Bound
Bound
Put
يضع
Put
Put
Bite
يعض
Bit
Bitten
Read
يقرأ
Read
Read
Bleed
ينزف
Bled
Bled
Rebuild
يعيد بناء
Rebuilt
Rebuilt
Blow
ينفخ
Blew
Blown
Ride
يركب
Rode
Ridden
Break
يكسر
Broke
Broken
Ring
يرن
Rang
Rung
Breed
يربي
Bred
Bred
Rise
يرتفع، يقوم
Rose
Risen
Bring
يحضر
Brought
Brought
Run
يجري
Ran
Run
Build
يبني
Built
Built
Saw
ينشر
Sawed
Sawn
Burst
يفجر
Burst
Burst
Say
يقول
Said
Said
Buy
يشتري
Bought
Bought
See
يرى
Saw
Seen
Cast
يلقي
Cast
Cast
Seek
يبحث
Sought
Sought
Catch
يمسك
Caught
Caught
Sell
يبيع
Sold
Sold
Chide
يوبخ
Chided
Chidden
Send
يرسل
Sent
Sent
Choose
يختار
Chose
Chosen
Set
ينظم، يثبت
Set
Set
Cling
[Meena]
يتعلق، يلتصق
Clung
Clung
Sew
(H.K.)
يخيط
Sewed
Sewn
Come
يأتي
Came
Come
Shake
يهز
Shook
Shaken
Cost
يتكلف
Cost
Cost
Shine
يلمع
Shone
Shone
Creep
يزحف
Crept
Crept
Show
يظهر، يفرج
Showed
Shown
Cut
يقطع
Cut
Cut
Shrink
ينكمش
Shrank
Shrunk
Deal
يتعامل
Dealt
Dealt
Shut
يغلق
Shut
Shut
Dig
يحفر
Dug
Dug
Sing
يغني
Sang
Sung
Do
يعمل
Did
Done
Sink
يغطس
Sank
Sunk
Draw
(H.K.)
يرسم، يسحب
Drew
Drawn
Sit
يجلس
Sat
Sat
[Meena]
Dream
يحلم
Dreamt
Dreamt
Slay
يذبح
Slew
Slain
Drink
يشرب
Drank
Drunk
Sleep
ينام
Slept
Slept
Drive
يسوق
Drove
Driven
Slide
يتزحلق
Slid
Slid
Dwell
يسكن
Dwelt
Dwelt
Smell
يشم
Smelt
Smelt
Eat
يأكل
Ate
Eaten
Sow
يبذر
Sowed
Sown
Fall
يقع
Fell
Fallen
Speak
يتكلم
Spoke
Spoken
Feed
يغذي
Fed
Fed
Speed
يسرع
Sped
Sped
Feel
يشعر
Felt
Felt
Spell
يتهجى
Spelt
Spelt
Fight
يتشاجر
Fought
Fought
Spend
يصرف
Spent
Spent
Find
يجد
Found
Found
Spill
يدلق
Spilt
Spilt
Flee
يهرب
Fled
Fled
Split
يفصل، يشق
Split
Split
Fly
يطير
Flew
Flown
Spread
ينشر
Spread
Spread
Forbear
يرفض/ يترفق
Forbore
Forborne
Spring
[Meena]
يقفز لأعلى
Sprang
Sprung
Forbid
يمنع
Forbade
Forbidden
Stand
يقف
Stood
Stood
Forget
ينسى
Forgot
Forgotten
Steal
يسرق
Stole
Stolen
Forgive
يسامح
Forgave
Forgiven
Stick
يلصق
Stuck
Stuck
Freeze
يجمد
Froze
Frozen
Sting
يلذغ
Stung
Stung
Get
يحضر
Got
Got / gotten
Strike
يضرب
Struck
Struck
Give
يعطي
Gave
Given
Strive
يجاهد
Strove
Striven
Go
يذهب
Went
Gone
Swear
يحلف
Swore
Sworn
Grind
يطحن
Ground
Ground
Sweep
يكنس
Swept
Swept
Grow
ينمو
Grew
Grown
Swim
يسبح
Swam
Swum
Hang
يشنق
Hanged
Hanged
Swing
يتأرجح
Swung
Swung
Hang
يعلق
Hung
Hung
Take
يأخذ
Took
Taken
Have
يملك ، عنده
Had
[Meena]
Had
Teach
يعلم
Taught
Taught
(H.K.)
Hear
يسمع
Heard
Heard
Tear
يمزق
Tore
Torn
Hide
يخبي
Hid
Hidden
Tell
يقول
Told
Told
Hit
يخبط
Hit
Hit
Think
يفكر
Thought
Thought
Hold
يمسك
Held
Held
Throw
يرمي
Threw
Thrown
Hurt
يضر، يجرح
Hurt
Hurt
Wear
يلبس
Wore
Worn
Keep
يحفظ، يخلي
Kept
(H.K.)
Kept
Weep
يبكي
Wept
Wept
Kneel
يركع
Knelt
Knelt
Win
يكسب
Won
Won
Know
يعرف
Knew
Known
Write
يكتب
Wrote
Written
Lay
يضع
Laid
Laid




Lead
يقود
Led
Led





---  والآن برجاء ، قبل الانتقال للباب التالي ، اقرأ هذا الباب مرة أخرى حتى لا تنساه أبدا لكي يسهل عليك فهم كثير مما سيأتي.






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