السبت، 7 نوفمبر 2015

تعلم وأتقن الإنجليزية بسهولة : Level 10 - حشمت كمال ...

تعلم وأتقن الإنجليزية بسهولة  Level 10  - حشمت كمال  
Level 10 [Meena]  (H.K.)
Active and passive المبني للمعلوم والمبني للمجهول

لاحظ أن الactive and passive  ليسوا tenses ولكنهم أسلوب كلام وفيهم tenses ، أي أن الكلام يكون الفاعل معلوما من هو ، أو أن يكون الفاعل مجهولا .
أحسن وأسهل طريقة لفهم وإتقان الactive and passive voices  هي أن نعمل جدول من جدول الtenses  الموجود في صفحة 47  مع تغيير شوية في ال pronouns  ومع تكميل جزء في الجملة .   ونحتاج أن نتذكر أيضا الجدول  الخاص بال personal pronouns  وخاصة الجزء الأول فيه حيث نجد مثلا أن "I"   تتحول ل me ،  و"he"  تتحول ل him  وهكذا .

I [Meena]
Me          
You
You
He
Him
She
Her
It
It
We
Us
You
You
they
Them

Tenses
Active
Passive [Meena]
Sim.
Pr
He eats apples
Apples are eaten by him

Pa
I ate an apple
An apple was eaten by me

Fu
They will eat apples
Apples will be eaten by them
Con.
Pr
He is eating apples
Apples are being eaten by him

Pa
I was eating an apple (H.K.)
An apple was being eaten by me

Fu
They will be eating apples
Apples will be being eaten by them
Per.
Pr
He has eaten apples
Apples have been eaten by him

Pa
I had eaten an apple
An apple had been eaten by me (H.K.)

Fu
They will have eaten apples
Apples will have been eaten by them
p.c.
Pr
He has been eating apples
Apples have been being eaten by him

Pa
I had been eating an apple
An apple had been being eaten by me

fu
They will have been eating apples
Apples will have been being eaten by them

لاحظ الآتي :  1) An apple  مفرد فنتعامل معها كأنها it  (أي تأخذ was  في ال past )، في حين apples  جمع فنتعامل معها كأنها they (أي تأخذ are   و have   في ال present   وتأخذ will  في future ).
2) تكوين الpassive voice  يكون دائما فيه الpast participle (p.p.)   بتاع ال verb  فنجد  أنه  :
في الsimple   يتكون الpassive   من verb be + past participle (p.p.) .
وفي الcontinuous   يتكون من verb be + being + p.p.       
وفي الPerfect    يتكون من   verb have + been + p.p.
وفي ال perf. Cont.  يتكون من  verb have + been + being + p.p.
3) دائما   he يكون بدلها by him  و I نستبدلها ب by me  وهكذا .
H.W.Complete the following table like the previous one using verb "drink"
Tenses
Active
Passive [Meena]
Sim.
Pr
You drink milk
Milk is drunk by you

Pa
She drank milk (H.K.)
Milk was drunk by her

Fu
We shall drink milk

Con.
Pr
You


Pa
She


Fu
We

Per.
Pr
You


Pa



Fu


p.c.
Pr



Pa



fu



---  والآن لنأخذ جملة أطول فيها مفعولين two objects  ، بنفس أسلوب الجدول السابق ، في كل الأزمنة ، وسنجد طريقتين لعمل ال passive
Active (H.K.)
Passive
She tells me stories
Stories are told to me by her
I am told stories by her
I told them a story
A story was told to them by me
They were told a story by me
They will tell us stories
Stories will be told to us by them
We shall be told stories by them
She is telling me stories
Stories are being told to me by her
I am being told stories by her (H.K.)
I was telling them a story
A story was being told to them by me
They were being told a story by me
They will be telling us stories
Stories will be being told to us by them
We shall be being told stories by them
She has told me stories [Meena]
Stories have been told to me by her
I have been told stories by her
I had told them a story (H.K.)
A story had been told to them by me
They had been told a story by me
They will have told us stories
Stories will have been told to us by them
We shall have been told stories by them
She has been telling me stories
Stories have been being told to me by her
I have been being told stories by her (H.K.)
I had been telling them a story
A story had been being told to them by me
They had been being told a story by me
They will have been telling us stories
Stories will have been being told to us by them
We shall have been being told stories by them

ونلاحظ أن هذا الجدول هو نفسه الجدول السابق له ، ولكن فقط أضفنا فيه to me  أو to them   أو .. .
---  وكما أن الفعل tell  يأخذ two objects   ،  يوجد أيضا أفعال أخرى مثله ،   ومنهم  give, ask, send, show, teach, pay     
Ex: The men were paid 500$ by him to do the job. [Meena]
I was given two hours by him to make my decision.
---  كما نلاحظ إننا من الممكن في كل الأزمنة في الجملة الثانية في الpassive     لا نكتب "by --"  وهذا لأن عدم كتابتها لن يغير شئ في الموضوع طالما أنه مفهوم من هو الفاعل أو طالما إنه لن يهمنا من هو الفاعل .
H.W.Complete the following table like the previous one using verb "teach"
Active [Meena]
Passive
He teaches you English
English is taught to you by him.
You are taught Eng. by him (H.K.)
We taught them Eng.
Eng. was taught to them by us

You will teach her Eng.


He is teaching you Eng.
Eng. is being taught to you by him

We were teaching them Eng.


You


He has taught you Eng.


















---   وهذه بعض أمثلة أخرى.
The room looks nice, somebody has cleaned it
The room looks nice, it has been cleaned (by somebody)
The room looked nice, somebody had cleaned it
The room looked nice, it had been cleaned (by somebody)

والآن لنأخذ بعض أمثلة من الجداول السابقة مع استخدام key words
---  Every Sunday she tells them some short stories   =
Every Sunday some short stories are told to them by her
---  While he was writing the letter , they came  =
They came while the letter was being written by him
---  By 6:00 o'clock , I'll have told them a story  =
By 6:00 o'clock a story will have been told to them by me
---  He has been writing the report to his manager for an hour now  =
The report to the manager has been being written by him for an hour now .
---  The new hotel will be opened next month (H.K.)
---  That house is going to be painted after a week
---  leave him , he wants to be left alone

--- أحيانا نستخدم الكلمات  should, must, ought toمع الأزمنة وال active and passive:
---  Someone should have cleaned the house last Friday
The house should have been cleaned last Friday
--- Somebody must have stolen her car
Her car must have been stolen [Meena]
---  They ought to have cancelled the meeting
The meeting ought to have been cancelled

---  كلمة born  دائما تأتي في الpassive   ،
Where were you born? I was born in Cairo
How many babies are born in this hospital everyday?
---  استخدام ing   في ال active and passive :
I don't like people telling me what to do
I don't like being told what to do
الفرق بين  : It is said /  He is said to
It is said that he is 90 years old  /  He is said to be 90 years old.
It is believed that Noha eats one meal a day  /  Noha is believed to eat one meal a day. (H.K.)
It is expected that the strike will begin tomorrow /  The strike is expected to begin tomorrow.
It is reported that two people were killed  /  Two people are reported to have been killed.
عند عمل شئ :
Magdy repaired the roof yesterday (he did it himself)
Magdy had the roof repaired .. (he got someone else to do it)
وبنفس أسلوب الجملة الثانية ، يمكن أن نكتب الجمل التالية : 

Have
Object
Past part.

We are
having
the house
painted
at the moment
Where did you
have
your hair (H.K.)
done?

Roushdy has just
had
a telephone
installed
in his flat
I want to
have
my photograph
taken


Coversation : When will she fix her car ? /  It can't be fixed by just one person  /  Will you help her?  /  she will be helped by her brother.

The following is a table of some verbs with their meanings , nouns and their adjectives :
Present
(infinitive)
المعنى
Nouns [Meena]
Adjectives
Act
يعمل، يمثل
Action, actor,
Acting, active
Affect
يؤثر
Effect
Effective
Amaze
يدهش
Amazement
Amazed / amazing
Apostate
يرتد عن العقيدة
Apostasy
Apostate
Bear
يحتمل
Bearing (H.K.)
Bearable
Beat
يضرب
Beat / beating
Beaten
Blacken
يسود
Black
Black
Bleed
ينزف
Bleeding
Bleeding
Blow
ينفخ
Blow / blowing
Blown
Bow
يحني، ينحني
Bow / bowing
Bowing
Break
يكسر
Break / breakage
Broken
Build
يبني
Builder / building
Built / built-up
Care
يعتم
Care
Careful
Choose
يختار
Choice / choiceness
Choice / chosen
Come
يأتي
Coming
Coming [Meena]
Compete
ينافس
Competition
Competitive
Correct
يصحح
Correction, corrector
Correct
Differ
يختلف
Difference
Different (H.K.)
Do
يعمل
Doing
Done
Eat
يأكل
Eater
Eatable / uneatable
Encourage
يشجع
Encouragement / courage
Encouraging / courageous
Entertain
يسلي
Entertainment
Entertaining
Exchange
يبدل
Exchange
Exchangeable
Excite
يثير
Excitement
Excited / exciting
Fly (H.K.)
يطير
Fly / flying
Flying
Forgive
يسامح
Forgiver / forgiveness
Forgiving
Grow
ينمو
Growth / grower
Grown / grown-up
Infect
يعدي
Infection
Infectious
Inform
يبلغ
Information
Informative
Lose
يخسر
Loser / loss
Lost
Make
يصنع
Make / make-up / maker / making
Made / made-up
Marry
يتزوج
Marriage
Married
Organize
ينظم
Organization
Organized
Perfect
يجعله كاملا
Perfection / perfectionist
Perfect
Practice
يمارس، يتمرن
Practice
Practical
Pride
يفتخر
Pride
Proud
Read
يقرأ
Read / reader / reading
Readable / Unreadable
Redden
يحمر
Red
Red
Regulate
ينظم
Regulation / regularity
Regular
Rise
يقوم
Rise / rising
Risen
Save
ينقذ (H.K.)
Safety
Safe
Write
يكتب
Writer / writing
written

The following is a table of some verbs with their meanings , past, past participle,  nouns and their adjectives :
Verb
المعنى
Past
Past participle
Noun
Adjective
Accuse
يتهم (H.K.)
Accused
Accused
Accusation, accuser
Accusing
Adapt
يتكيف
Adapted
Adapted
Adaptation, adapter
Adaptable
Adopt
يتبنى
Adopted
Adopted
Adoption, adoptionism
Adaptive
Adultery (commit)
يزني، يفسق
Committed adultery
Committed adultery
Adultery, adulteration
Adulterer, adulteress
Adulterous
Advise
ينصح
Advised
Advised
Advice, adviser, advisor, advisability
Advisable, advisory
Advocate
يشفع، يحامي
---d
---d
advocate
[Meena]
Afflict
يصيب، يؤذي
---ed
---ed
Affliction
Afflicted
Amaze
يدهش
---d
---d
Amazement
Amazing
Anoint
يمسح، يدهن
---ed
---ed
Anointing, anointment
Anointed
Appoint
يعين، يرسم
---ed
---ed
Appointment

Bear
يحتمل/ تخبل
Bore
Borne
Bearing
Bearable
Beatify
يطوب
---ied
---ied
Beatification
Beatified
Beget
[Meena]
يولد (للذكور)، ينجب
Begot
Begotten
Begetting
(H.K.)
Believe
يؤمن
---d
---d
Believer, belief
believable
Bestow
يوهب، يمنح
---ed
---ed
Bestowal

Betray
يخون
---ed
---ed
Betrayal, betrayer

Betroth
يخطب
---ed
---ed
Betrothal

Bind
يربط
Bound
bound


Blame
يلوم، يؤنب
---ed
---ed
Blame
Blameful, blameless, blameworthy
Blaspheme
يجدف
---ed
---ed
Blasphemy, blasphemer

Bless
يبارك
---ed
---ed
Blessedness, blessing
Blessed, blessing
Bound
يحدد (يعطي حدود)
---ed
---ed
Boundary, boundlessness
Boundless
Breathe
يتنفس، يتنسم
---d
---d
Breath, breather
Breathless
Cast
يلقي، يطرد
Cast
Cast
Cast, casting
Cast
Catechize
(H.K.)
يعلم بالسؤال والجواب
---d
---d
Catechism, catechist

Celebrate
يحتفل
---d
---d
Celebration, celebrity
Celebrated
Chasten, chastise
يؤدب
---ed,
---d
---ed,
---d
Chastening, chastisement
Chaste
Chase
يطارد
---d
---d
Chase

Circumcise
يختن
---d
---d
Circumcision
Circumcised
Comfort
يعزي، يريح
---ed
---ed
Comfort, comforter
Comfortable
Command
يوصي، يأمر
---ed
---ed
Command, Commandment, Commander, Commandant
Commanding
Confess
يعترف، يقر
---ed
[Meena]
---ed
Confessant,  Confessor, Confession
Confessed
(H.K.)
Consecrate
يكرس، يخصص
---d
---d
Consecration
Consecrated
Contribute
مساهمة، عطاء
---d
---d
Contribution, contributor
Contributory
Corrupt
يفسد
---ed
---ed
[Meena]
Corruption, corrupter, corruptness
Corrupt
Create
يخلق
---d
---d
Creator, creation, creature
Creative
Do
يعمل
Did
Done
Doer
Done
Darken
يغمق، يظلم
---ed
---ed
Darkness, dark
Dark
Deafen
يجعله أصم
---ed
---ed
Deafness
Deaf
Die
يموت
---d
---d
Death
Dead
Deepen
يعمق
---ed
---ed
Depth, deepness
Deep
Defile
ينجس
---d
---d
Defilement
Defiled
Deliver
(H.K.)
ينقذ / يسلم
---ed
---ed
Deliverer, delivery, deliverance
Delivered
Descend
ينزل، يهبط
---ed
---ed
Descendents, descent

Divorce
يطلق
---d
---d
Divorce, divorcee
Divorced
Donate
يهب، يتبرع
---d
---d
Donator, donation

Elect
يختار
---ed
---ed
Elector, election
Elect, electoral
Enchant
يسحر، يشعوذ
---ed
---ed
Enchanter, enchantress, enchantment
Enchanting, enchanted
Fast
يصوم
---ed
---ed
Fast, fasting

Forgive
يغفر، يسامح
Forgave
Forgiven
Forgiveness
(H.K.)
Forgiven, forgiving
Free
يحرر
---d
---d
Freedom
Free
Guide
يرشد
---d
---d
Guide, guidance

Leaven
يخمر
---ed
---ed
Leaven
Leavened
Legalize
يقنن، يحعله شرعي
---d
---d
Legality, legalism, legalization
Legal
Live
يحيا، يعيش
---d
---d
life, living
Living, live, alive
Love
يحب
---d
---d
Love, lover
Loving, lovely
Meditate
يتأمل
---d
---d
Meditation
Meditative
Minister
يخدم
---ed
---ed
Minister, ministry
Ministerial
Offend
يعثر، يضايق
---ed
---ed
Offence, offense, offender
Offencless, offensive
Oppress
يظلم
---ed
---ed
Oppression, oppressor
Oppressive
Praise
يسبح
---d
---d
Praise
Praiseworthy praising
Pray
يصلي
---ed
---ed
Prayer
Prayerful
Proceed
ينبثق، يتقدم
---ed
---ed
Procession, proceedings
Processional
Prophesy
يتنبأ
---ied
---ied
Prophecy, prophet, prophetess
Prophetic, prophetical
Reform
يصلح
---ed
---ed
Reformist, reformation
Reformed
Represent
يمثل، ينوب
---ed
---ed
Representation, representative
Representative
Reveal
يعلن
(H.K.)
---ed
---ed
Revelation
Revealing, revealed
Revive
ينهض
---d
---d
Revival
Revived
Revise
يراجع
---d
---d
Revision
Revised
Symbolize
(H.K.)
يرمز
---d
---d
Symbol, symbolism, symbolization
Symbolic, symbolical
Terrorize
يرهب، يفزع
---d
---d
Terror, terrorism, terrorist
Terrorist
Vote
ينتخب
---d
---d
Vote, voter, voting
Voting, votive








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