تعلم وأتقن
الإنجليزية بسهولة Level
10 - حشمت كمال
Level 10 [Meena] (H.K.)
Active and
passive المبني للمعلوم والمبني للمجهول
لاحظ
أن الactive and passive ليسوا tenses ولكنهم أسلوب
كلام وفيهم tenses ، أي أن الكلام يكون الفاعل معلوما من هو ، أو
أن يكون الفاعل مجهولا .
أحسن
وأسهل طريقة لفهم وإتقان الactive and passive voices هي أن نعمل جدول من جدول الtenses
الموجود في صفحة 47 مع تغيير شوية في ال pronouns ومع تكميل جزء في الجملة . ونحتاج
أن نتذكر أيضا الجدول الخاص بال personal
pronouns
وخاصة الجزء الأول فيه حيث نجد مثلا أن "I"
تتحول ل me ، و"he"
تتحول ل him وهكذا .
I [Meena]
|
Me
|
You
|
You
|
He
|
Him
|
She
|
Her
|
It
|
It
|
We
|
Us
|
You
|
You
|
they
|
Them
|
Tenses
|
Active
|
Passive [Meena]
|
|
Sim.
|
Pr
|
He eats
apples
|
Apples are
eaten by him
|
Pa
|
I ate an
apple
|
An apple
was eaten by me
|
|
Fu
|
They will
eat apples
|
Apples will
be eaten by them
|
|
Con.
|
Pr
|
He is
eating apples
|
Apples are
being eaten by him
|
Pa
|
I was
eating an apple (H.K.)
|
An apple
was being eaten by me
|
|
Fu
|
They will
be eating apples
|
Apples will
be being eaten by them
|
|
Per.
|
Pr
|
He has
eaten apples
|
Apples have
been eaten by him
|
Pa
|
I had eaten
an apple
|
An apple
had been eaten by me (H.K.)
|
|
Fu
|
They will
have eaten apples
|
Apples will
have been eaten by them
|
|
p.c.
|
Pr
|
He has been
eating apples
|
Apples have
been being eaten by him
|
Pa
|
I had been
eating an apple
|
An apple
had been being eaten by me
|
|
fu
|
They will
have been eating apples
|
Apples will
have been being eaten by them
|
|
لاحظ الآتي
: 1) An apple مفرد فنتعامل معها كأنها it (أي تأخذ was في ال past )، في حين apples جمع فنتعامل معها كأنها they (أي تأخذ are و have في ال present وتأخذ will في future ).
2) تكوين الpassive
voice يكون
دائما فيه الpast participle (p.p.) بتاع ال verb فنجد
أنه :
في الsimple
يتكون الpassive من verb be + past participle
(p.p.) .
وفي الcontinuous
يتكون من verb be +
being + p.p.
وفي الPerfect
يتكون من verb
have + been + p.p.
وفي ال perf.
Cont.
يتكون من verb have +
been + being + p.p.
3) دائما he يكون بدلها by
him و I
نستبدلها ب by me
وهكذا .
H.W.Complete the following table like the previous one
using verb "drink"
Tenses
|
Active
|
Passive [Meena]
|
|
Sim.
|
Pr
|
You drink
milk
|
Milk is
drunk by you
|
Pa
|
She drank milk
(H.K.)
|
Milk was
drunk by her
|
|
Fu
|
We shall
drink milk
|
||
Con.
|
Pr
|
You
|
|
Pa
|
She
|
||
Fu
|
We
|
||
Per.
|
Pr
|
You
|
|
Pa
|
|||
Fu
|
|||
p.c.
|
Pr
|
||
Pa
|
|||
fu
|
|||
--- والآن لنأخذ جملة أطول فيها مفعولين two
objects ،
بنفس أسلوب الجدول السابق ، في كل الأزمنة ، وسنجد طريقتين لعمل ال passive
Active (H.K.)
|
Passive
|
She tells
me stories
|
Stories are
told to me by her
I am told
stories by her
|
I told them
a story
|
A story was
told to them by me
They were
told a story by me
|
They will
tell us stories
|
Stories
will be told to us by them
We shall be
told stories by them
|
She is
telling me stories
|
Stories are
being told to me by her
I am being
told stories by her (H.K.)
|
I was
telling them a story
|
A story was
being told to them by me
They were
being told a story by me
|
They will
be telling us stories
|
Stories
will be being told to us by them
We shall be
being told stories by them
|
She has
told me stories [Meena]
|
Stories have
been told to me by her
I have been
told stories by her
|
I had told
them a story (H.K.)
|
A story had
been told to them by me
They had
been told a story by me
|
They will
have told us stories
|
Stories
will have been told to us by them
We shall
have been told stories by them
|
She has
been telling me stories
|
Stories
have been being told to me by her
I have been
being told stories by her (H.K.)
|
I had been
telling them a story
|
A story had
been being told to them by me
They had
been being told a story by me
|
They will
have been telling us stories
|
Stories
will have been being told to us by them
We shall
have been being told stories by them
|
ونلاحظ
أن هذا الجدول هو نفسه الجدول السابق له ، ولكن فقط أضفنا
فيه to me أو to
them أو
.. .
--- وكما أن الفعل tell يأخذ two objects ، يوجد أيضا أفعال أخرى مثله ، ومنهم give, ask,
send, show, teach, pay
Ex: The men were paid 500$ by him
to do the job. [Meena]
I was given two hours by him to
make my decision.
--- كما نلاحظ إننا من الممكن في كل الأزمنة في
الجملة الثانية في الpassive لا
نكتب "by --" وهذا لأن عدم كتابتها لن يغير شئ في الموضوع
طالما أنه مفهوم من هو الفاعل أو طالما إنه لن يهمنا من هو الفاعل .
H.W.Complete the following table like the previous one
using verb "teach"
Active [Meena]
|
Passive
|
He teaches
you English
|
English is
taught to you by him.
|
You are
taught
|
|
We taught
them
|
|
You will
teach her
|
|
He is
teaching you
|
|
We were
teaching them
|
|
You
|
|
He has
taught you
|
|
--- وهذه
بعض أمثلة أخرى.
The room looks nice, somebody has cleaned it
The room looks nice, it has been cleaned (by somebody)
The room looked nice, somebody had cleaned it
The room looked nice, it had been
cleaned (by somebody)
والآن
لنأخذ بعض أمثلة من الجداول السابقة مع استخدام key words
---
Every Sunday she tells them some short stories =
Every Sunday some short stories are told to them
by her
--- While
he was writing the letter , they came =
They came while the letter was being written by
him
--- By 6:00 o'clock , I'll have told them a
story =
By 6:00
o'clock a story will have been told to them by me
--- He has
been writing the report to his manager for an hour now =
The report to the manager has been being written
by him for an hour now .
--- The
new hotel will be opened next month (H.K.)
--- That
house is going to be painted after a week
--- leave
him , he wants to be left alone
---
أحيانا نستخدم الكلمات should, must, ought toمع
الأزمنة وال active and passive:
---
Someone should have cleaned the house last Friday
The house should have been cleaned
last Friday
--- Somebody must have stolen her
car
Her car must have been stolen [Meena]
--- They ought
to have cancelled the meeting
The meeting ought to have been
cancelled
--- كلمة born دائما تأتي في الpassive ،
Where were you born? I was born in Cairo
How many babies are born in this hospital
everyday?
--- استخدام ing في ال active and passive
:
I don't like people telling me what to do
I don't like being told what to do
الفرق
بين : It is said
/ He is said to
It is said that he is 90 years old / He
is said to be 90 years old.
It is believed that Noha eats one meal a
day /
Noha is believed to eat one meal a day. (H.K.)
It is expected that the strike will begin
tomorrow / The strike is expected to
begin tomorrow.
It is reported that two people were killed / Two
people are reported to have been killed.
عند عمل شئ :
Magdy repaired the roof yesterday (he did it himself)
Magdy had the roof repaired .. (he got someone else to
do it)
وبنفس أسلوب
الجملة الثانية ، يمكن أن نكتب الجمل التالية :
Have
|
Object
|
Past part.
|
||
We are
|
having
|
the house
|
painted
|
at the moment
|
Where did you
|
have
|
your hair (H.K.)
|
done?
|
|
Roushdy has just
|
had
|
a telephone
|
installed
|
in his flat
|
I want to
|
have
|
my photograph
|
taken
|
Coversation : When will
she fix her car ? / It can't be fixed by
just one person / Will you help her? / she
will be helped by her brother.
The following is a table of some verbs
with their meanings , nouns and their adjectives :
Present
(infinitive)
|
المعنى
|
Nouns [Meena]
|
Adjectives
|
Act
|
يعمل، يمثل
|
Action, actor,
|
Acting, active
|
Affect
|
يؤثر
|
Effect
|
Effective
|
Amaze
|
يدهش
|
Amazement
|
Amazed / amazing
|
Apostate
|
يرتد عن
العقيدة
|
Apostasy
|
Apostate
|
Bear
|
يحتمل
|
Bearing (H.K.)
|
Bearable
|
Beat
|
يضرب
|
Beat / beating
|
Beaten
|
Blacken
|
يسود
|
Black
|
Black
|
Bleed
|
ينزف
|
Bleeding
|
Bleeding
|
Blow
|
ينفخ
|
Blow / blowing
|
Blown
|
Bow
|
يحني، ينحني
|
Bow / bowing
|
Bowing
|
Break
|
يكسر
|
Break / breakage
|
Broken
|
Build
|
يبني
|
Builder / building
|
Built / built-up
|
Care
|
يعتم
|
Care
|
Careful
|
Choose
|
يختار
|
Choice / choiceness
|
Choice / chosen
|
Come
|
يأتي
|
Coming
|
Coming [Meena]
|
Compete
|
ينافس
|
Competition
|
Competitive
|
Correct
|
يصحح
|
Correction, corrector
|
Correct
|
Differ
|
يختلف
|
Difference
|
Different (H.K.)
|
Do
|
يعمل
|
Doing
|
Done
|
Eat
|
يأكل
|
Eater
|
Eatable / uneatable
|
Encourage
|
يشجع
|
Encouragement / courage
|
Encouraging / courageous
|
Entertain
|
يسلي
|
Entertainment
|
Entertaining
|
Exchange
|
يبدل
|
Exchange
|
Exchangeable
|
Excite
|
يثير
|
Excitement
|
Excited / exciting
|
Fly (H.K.)
|
يطير
|
Fly / flying
|
Flying
|
Forgive
|
يسامح
|
Forgiver / forgiveness
|
Forgiving
|
Grow
|
ينمو
|
Growth
/ grower
|
Grown
/ grown-up
|
Infect
|
يعدي
|
Infection
|
Infectious
|
Inform
|
يبلغ
|
Information
|
Informative
|
Lose
|
يخسر
|
Loser / loss
|
Lost
|
Make
|
يصنع
|
Make / make-up / maker / making
|
Made / made-up
|
Marry
|
يتزوج
|
Marriage
|
Married
|
Organize
|
ينظم
|
Organization
|
Organized
|
Perfect
|
يجعله كاملا
|
Perfection / perfectionist
|
Perfect
|
Practice
|
يمارس،
يتمرن
|
Practice
|
Practical
|
Pride
|
يفتخر
|
Pride
|
Proud
|
Read
|
يقرأ
|
Read / reader / reading
|
Readable / Unreadable
|
Redden
|
يحمر
|
Red
|
Red
|
Regulate
|
ينظم
|
Regulation / regularity
|
Regular
|
Rise
|
يقوم
|
Rise / rising
|
Risen
|
Save
|
ينقذ (H.K.)
|
Safety
|
Safe
|
Write
|
يكتب
|
Writer / writing
|
written
|
The following is a table of some verbs
with their meanings , past, past participle, nouns and their adjectives :
Verb
|
المعنى
|
Past
|
Past
participle
|
Noun
|
Adjective
|
Accuse
|
يتهم (H.K.)
|
Accused
|
Accused
|
Accusation, accuser
|
Accusing
|
Adapt
|
يتكيف
|
Adapted
|
Adapted
|
Adaptation, adapter
|
Adaptable
|
Adopt
|
يتبنى
|
Adopted
|
Adopted
|
Adoption, adoptionism
|
Adaptive
|
Adultery (commit)
|
يزني، يفسق
|
Committed adultery
|
Committed adultery
|
Adultery, adulteration
Adulterer, adulteress
|
Adulterous
|
Advise
|
ينصح
|
Advised
|
Advised
|
Advice, adviser, advisor, advisability
|
Advisable, advisory
|
Advocate
|
يشفع، يحامي
|
---d
|
---d
|
advocate
|
[Meena]
|
Afflict
|
يصيب، يؤذي
|
---ed
|
---ed
|
Affliction
|
Afflicted
|
Amaze
|
يدهش
|
---d
|
---d
|
Amazement
|
Amazing
|
Anoint
|
يمسح، يدهن
|
---ed
|
---ed
|
Anointing, anointment
|
Anointed
|
Appoint
|
يعين، يرسم
|
---ed
|
---ed
|
Appointment
|
|
Bear
|
يحتمل/ تخبل
|
Bore
|
Borne
|
Bearing
|
Bearable
|
Beatify
|
يطوب
|
---ied
|
---ied
|
Beatification
|
Beatified
|
Beget
[Meena]
|
يولد
(للذكور)، ينجب
|
Begot
|
Begotten
|
Begetting
|
(H.K.)
|
Believe
|
يؤمن
|
---d
|
---d
|
Believer, belief
|
believable
|
Bestow
|
يوهب، يمنح
|
---ed
|
---ed
|
Bestowal
|
|
Betray
|
يخون
|
---ed
|
---ed
|
Betrayal, betrayer
|
|
Betroth
|
يخطب
|
---ed
|
---ed
|
Betrothal
|
|
Bind
|
يربط
|
Bound
|
bound
|
||
Blame
|
يلوم، يؤنب
|
---ed
|
---ed
|
Blame
|
Blameful, blameless, blameworthy
|
Blaspheme
|
يجدف
|
---ed
|
---ed
|
Blasphemy, blasphemer
|
|
Bless
|
يبارك
|
---ed
|
---ed
|
Blessedness, blessing
|
Blessed, blessing
|
Bound
|
يحدد (يعطي
حدود)
|
---ed
|
---ed
|
Boundary, boundlessness
|
Boundless
|
Breathe
|
يتنفس،
يتنسم
|
---d
|
---d
|
Breath, breather
|
Breathless
|
Cast
|
يلقي، يطرد
|
Cast
|
Cast
|
Cast, casting
|
Cast
|
Catechize
(H.K.)
|
يعلم
بالسؤال والجواب
|
---d
|
---d
|
Catechism, catechist
|
|
Celebrate
|
يحتفل
|
---d
|
---d
|
Celebration, celebrity
|
Celebrated
|
Chasten, chastise
|
يؤدب
|
---ed,
---d
|
---ed,
---d
|
Chastening, chastisement
|
Chaste
|
Chase
|
يطارد
|
---d
|
---d
|
Chase
|
|
Circumcise
|
يختن
|
---d
|
---d
|
Circumcision
|
Circumcised
|
Comfort
|
يعزي، يريح
|
---ed
|
---ed
|
Comfort, comforter
|
Comfortable
|
Command
|
يوصي، يأمر
|
---ed
|
---ed
|
Command, Commandment, Commander, Commandant
|
Commanding
|
Confess
|
يعترف، يقر
|
---ed
[Meena]
|
---ed
|
Confessant,
Confessor, Confession
|
Confessed
(H.K.)
|
Consecrate
|
يكرس، يخصص
|
---d
|
---d
|
Consecration
|
Consecrated
|
Contribute
|
مساهمة،
عطاء
|
---d
|
---d
|
Contribution, contributor
|
Contributory
|
Corrupt
|
يفسد
|
---ed
|
---ed
[Meena]
|
Corruption, corrupter, corruptness
|
Corrupt
|
Create
|
يخلق
|
---d
|
---d
|
Creator, creation, creature
|
Creative
|
Do
|
يعمل
|
Did
|
Done
|
Doer
|
Done
|
Darken
|
يغمق، يظلم
|
---ed
|
---ed
|
Darkness, dark
|
Dark
|
Deafen
|
يجعله أصم
|
---ed
|
---ed
|
Deafness
|
Deaf
|
Die
|
يموت
|
---d
|
---d
|
Death
|
Dead
|
Deepen
|
يعمق
|
---ed
|
---ed
|
Depth, deepness
|
Deep
|
Defile
|
ينجس
|
---d
|
---d
|
Defilement
|
Defiled
|
Deliver
(H.K.)
|
ينقذ / يسلم
|
---ed
|
---ed
|
Deliverer, delivery, deliverance
|
Delivered
|
Descend
|
ينزل، يهبط
|
---ed
|
---ed
|
Descendents, descent
|
|
Divorce
|
يطلق
|
---d
|
---d
|
Divorce, divorcee
|
Divorced
|
Donate
|
يهب، يتبرع
|
---d
|
---d
|
Donator, donation
|
|
Elect
|
يختار
|
---ed
|
---ed
|
Elector, election
|
Elect, electoral
|
Enchant
|
يسحر، يشعوذ
|
---ed
|
---ed
|
Enchanter, enchantress, enchantment
|
Enchanting, enchanted
|
Fast
|
يصوم
|
---ed
|
---ed
|
Fast, fasting
|
|
Forgive
|
يغفر، يسامح
|
Forgave
|
Forgiven
|
Forgiveness
(H.K.)
|
Forgiven, forgiving
|
Free
|
يحرر
|
---d
|
---d
|
Freedom
|
Free
|
Guide
|
يرشد
|
---d
|
---d
|
Guide, guidance
|
|
Leaven
|
يخمر
|
---ed
|
---ed
|
Leaven
|
Leavened
|
Legalize
|
يقنن، يحعله
شرعي
|
---d
|
---d
|
Legality, legalism, legalization
|
Legal
|
Live
|
يحيا، يعيش
|
---d
|
---d
|
life, living
|
Living, live, alive
|
Love
|
يحب
|
---d
|
---d
|
Love, lover
|
Loving, lovely
|
Meditate
|
يتأمل
|
---d
|
---d
|
Meditation
|
Meditative
|
Minister
|
يخدم
|
---ed
|
---ed
|
Minister, ministry
|
Ministerial
|
Offend
|
يعثر، يضايق
|
---ed
|
---ed
|
Offence, offense, offender
|
Offencless, offensive
|
Oppress
|
يظلم
|
---ed
|
---ed
|
Oppression, oppressor
|
Oppressive
|
Praise
|
يسبح
|
---d
|
---d
|
Praise
|
Praiseworthy praising
|
Pray
|
يصلي
|
---ed
|
---ed
|
Prayer
|
Prayerful
|
Proceed
|
ينبثق،
يتقدم
|
---ed
|
---ed
|
Procession, proceedings
|
Processional
|
Prophesy
|
يتنبأ
|
---ied
|
---ied
|
Prophecy, prophet, prophetess
|
Prophetic, prophetical
|
Reform
|
يصلح
|
---ed
|
---ed
|
Reformist, reformation
|
Reformed
|
Represent
|
يمثل، ينوب
|
---ed
|
---ed
|
Representation, representative
|
Representative
|
Reveal
|
يعلن
(H.K.)
|
---ed
|
---ed
|
Revelation
|
Revealing, revealed
|
Revive
|
ينهض
|
---d
|
---d
|
Revival
|
Revived
|
Revise
|
يراجع
|
---d
|
---d
|
Revision
|
Revised
|
Symbolize
(H.K.)
|
يرمز
|
---d
|
---d
|
Symbol, symbolism, symbolization
|
Symbolic, symbolical
|
Terrorize
|
يرهب، يفزع
|
---d
|
---d
|
Terror, terrorism, terrorist
|
Terrorist
|
Vote
|
ينتخب
|
---d
|
---d
|
Vote, voter, voting
|
Voting, votive
|
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