تعلم وأتقن الإنجليزية بسهولة - Level 11 - حشمت
كمال
Level 11 [Meena] (H.K.)
Conditional
If لو (الشرطية)
ببساطة
جدا نقول :
1) إنه لو جزء الجملة بعد if كان في الpresent يكون النصف الثاني ب will ، ويكون المقصود كلام عن المستقبل (وليس
الحاضر) ، مثل
If he prays ,
you will succeed. (2) ولو نصف الجملة بعد if كان في الpast يكون النصف الآخر ب would
، ويكون المقصود كلام عن الحاضر (وليس الماضي) ، مثل
If he prayed , you would succeed.
3)
ولو نصف الجملة بعد if في
ال past perf. (or
/ past perf. cont.)
يكون النصف الآخر ب would
have + past participle ،
ويكون الزمن المقصود هو الماضي ، مثل
If he had prayed , you would have succeeded.
If he had been praying , you would
have succeeded.
H.W. Complete
the sentences: [Meena]
If she eats, they
_____________________
If we bought the house, he
_________________
If you had done it, he
_____________________
If he had been working, she ________________
|
--- هذه هي القواعد الثلاثة الرئيسية ، أما خلاف
ذلك فيمكن التكلم بحسب سياق الكلام وبحسب ما يفهم السامع ، أو ممكن القول أن خلاف
ذلك يسمى open condition أو كلام مفتوح في حرية التكلم بحسب ما يفهم
السامع ، وفي ال open
condition
حقائق ثابتة ، وذلك مثل :
If you are right , I'm wrong
--- وما يلي أمثلة أخرى على القواعد الثلاثة
الرئيسية :
If he goes to the club tomorrow , I'll meet him.
If I were you , I would pray every time. (H.K.)
If he had informed the police , he would not have
been killed.
ونلاحظ
أن في كل هذه الجمل ، أي دائما مع if يمكن أن نأتي بالجزء الأخير من الجملة أولا
وتكون if في
الجزء الأخير ، مثل
I'll meet him if he goes to the club tomorrow.
ونلاحظ
إننا في الجملة الثانية استخدمنا were مع I ، فمع
if يمكن أن نستخدم were
مع كل الضمائر (pronouns) بدل التصريف العادي ل verb be ، ولكن ممكن أيضا نستخدم التصريف العادي ،
فمثلا
يمكن أن نقول If he were
at home , he would help her.
وأيضا
يمكن أن نقول If he was at home , he would
help her.
ولعمل
أسئلة ب if
تكون كالآتي :
1) What will you do if
you have a lot of money? I'll buy a car.
2) What would you do if you had
a lot of money? I'd buy a car. (H.K.)
3) What would you have done if you had had a lot
of money? I would have bought a car.
--- 1) If
you have a lot of money , will you buy a car?
Yes, I will buy a car. No, I won't buy a car.
2) If you had a lot of money , would
you buy a car?
Yes, I would.
No, I wouldn't. [Meena]
3) If you had had a lot of money , would you have
bought a car? Yes, I'd have bought a car.
No, I wouldn't have bought a car.
--- وكما قلنا من قبل ، الزمن المقصود في نمرة (1)
هو المستقبل وفي نمرة (2) هو الحاضر وفي نمرة (3) هو الماضي .
--- وأذكر الاختصارات التي تكلمنا عنها من قبل وهي
:
1)I'll اختصار I shall .
2) I won't اختصار I will not
.
3) I'd
اختصار I would واختصار I had .
H.W. Answer the
questions with Yes and No:
If he has good health, will he help her?
Yes, _________________________
No,
_________________________
If they prayed a lot, would she give you some
help?
Yes, _________________________
No,
_________________________
If we
had prayed, would they have succeeded? [Meena]
Yes, _________________________
No,
_________________________
|
وممكن
استخدام unless بدل "if
not" فيكون كل شئ كما هو ، نفس القواعد ونفس
المعنى ، أمثلة :
If he doesn't work hard , they won't pay him.
Unless he works hard , they won't pay him.
If he didn't go out , we
would visit him. (H.K.)
Unless he went out, we
would visit him.
If I hadn't visited your brother
, I wouldn't have seen you.
Unless I had visited your brother
, I wouldn't have seen him.
---
وأحيانا unless تعني "except if" مثل: Sheriff can't hear unless you
shout
--- ويمكن أيضا استخدام could , might
مع if بدل من
would :
We could go out if it stopped raining.
She could get a job more easily if she could
type.
We might have won if we'd played better. (we'd =
we had)
If the weather hadn't been so bad , we could have
gone out.
--- وإذا أضفنا only بعد if يظل كل شئ كما هو ، ولكن يكون المقصود هو
التمني (تمني حدوث الشئ) ، وهذا سندرسه مع wish في الصفحة القادمة ، ولكن كمثال :
If only he was at home , he would
help her.
Wishes [Meena] (and if only)
[1] If the wish is in the future, we
use present simple tense after "wish" . Ex.: It will rain tomorrow, I wish it
doesn't rain.
[2] If the wish is in the present
simple (or present continuous), we use past tense after "wish" (H.K.)
Ex: 1) I am short , I wish (if only)
I was tall (I wish I wasn't short)
2) I don't have a nice watch , if
only I had this watch .
3) He always comes late , if only he
would come early .
4) Omar and Aly are shouting, their
father wishes they would stop arguing.
5) It is raining hard , I wish it
would stop raining.
---
6) If the wish is fulfilled , there would be a consequence .
ex: We live far away from the beach ,
I wish we lived near the beach all the time , then I could swim everyday
.
[3]
If the wish is in the past, we use past perfect tense after
"wish"
Ex: 1) He ate too much , he wishes he
hadn't eaten too much .
2) She came
late , I wish she would've come early . [Meena]
3) If the wish was fulfilled ,
there would have been a consequence.
Ex: I didn't know that Mary was ill ,
I wish I'd (I had) known that she was ill , then I'd (I would) have gone to
see her. (H.K.)
[4]
love to / like to (would --) (بمعنى
التمني وليس بمعنى محبة)
1) I'd
love to get a car .
2) I'd like to
apply to work as .. .. .
3) She would
like to buy a house .
هام : لاحظنا من كل ما سبق ، إن ال tenses مع
ال conditional if ، شبيهة
بwish أو if only ، أي عندما يكون الفعل بعد if أو wish أو if only
: 1) في الحاضر يكون الزمن الذي يقصده المتكلم في المستقبل. 2) وعندما يكون
الفعل في الماضي يكون الزمن الذي يقصده
المتكلم هو الحاضر. 3) وعندما يكون الفعل بعدهم
في ال past perfect يكون الزمن الذي يقصده المتكلم هو الماضي
، وهذه أمثلة أخرى للتوضيح :
I didn't know
that you were ill. If I'd known that you were ill,
I'd have gone to see you.
I didn't know
that you were ill. I wish (if only) I'd known that you were ill,
then I'd have gone to see you.
ولتجميع كله في أمثلة
واحدة متشابهة :
1) If
he goes to the club tomorrow, I'll meet him.
Unless he goes to
the club tomorrow, I'll not meet him.
I wish (if
only) he goes to the club tomorrow, then I'll meet him.
2) If
I were you, I would pray every time. (H.K.)
Unless I were you,
I would not pray every time.
I wish (if
only) I were you, then I would pray every time.
3) If
he had informed the police, he would not have been killed.
Unless he had
informed the police, he would have been killed.
I wish (if
only) he had told the police, then he would not have been killed.
H.W. complete
the following
If they
went home, she would see them
Unless
_______________________________________
I wish (if
only) _____________________________________________
|
ملحوظة : يجب التمييز بين if only التي تعني wish
، وبين only if التي تعني
as long as , or , provided that , or , providing that ، مثال :
You may use
my car as long as (but only if) you drive carefully.
خطاباتLetters [Meena]
وسنكتب جواب
تقديم على عمل ، وهو بالطبع يكون مرفق لل "السيرة الذاتية" أي ال "resume"
(أو
ال "C.
V.") ، وقد تختلف الصيغة قليلا ولكن الأكثر
استخداما هو :
Dear sir or Madam,
I would like to apply for (to work for) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Sincerely
yours
Magdy Youssef
--- ممكن نبدأ ب Dear Sir
(Dear Madam), (H.K.)
--- وممكن نختم بدلsincerely
yours بأي
واحدة مما يأتي :
Yours
sincerely / yours respectfully / respectfully yours.
--- وممكن أن نضع على الشمال فوق Dear
sir ، عنوان المستلم (المرسل إليه) والتاريخ ،
وممكن أيضا نضع التاريخ على اليمين أعلى من Dear sir
.
--- وممكن أن نضع sincerely
yours أو بدائلها، على اليسار، ونضع تحتهم الوظيفة
أو الرتبة الحالية Job title .
--- وممكن في أول سطر تحت Dear sir نكمل بكتابة
الوظيفة المطلوبة ورقم إعلانها.
نلخص
كل ما فات بأنه من الممكن أن يكون الجواب كالآتي:……………….
Dear Sir or
Madam,
I would like to apply to work for (جهة
العمل) , as a "Construction Engineer",
Job announcement # 1234. … …. ………
……… ………………………... …… ………… ………… ……………
.
Respectfully yours
Magdy Youssef
Project manager
السيرة الذاتية
Resume (C.V.) [Meena]
لاحظ أنه يمكن كتابة "C.
V." في
العنوان بدل resume .
وعادة تكون السيرة الذاتية كالآتي :
Name :
Telephone # :
E-mail
address :
Mailing
address :
Objective :
Education :
Experience : (start with the most recent job or the current
job , and write the date , for instance :) (H.K.)
From:
November 2001- To: Now (or may 2003)
(then describe your job)
………….
……. …………. …..
………….. ………....
From:
June 2000 – To: November 2001 [Meena]
………..
…………. ……..
…….
………. … ……………
Interests and
skills :
H.W. There is a
job vacancy for an accountant , and you want to apply , write your C.V. and
the attached letter.
|
Street directions : Excuse me , how can I get to ABC club? / go
straight ahead , make left at this coming square , then turn right on the
second street , it'll be on your left hand side .
Eating :
I'll have big breakfast this morning / what will you have for breakfast
? / bread and butter and fried eggs with sausages / tea or coffee ? / tea with
milk please . (H.K.)
Everyday life : Have
the children left for school , honey ? / yes , they have , darling . I'm going
to make the beds and clean the living room . / and I'll help some before going
to work / oh yes , you must hurry , the traffic is very heavy today .
-- How about
going out for a walk after dinner ? / that is fine and tomorrow we'll go to see
some friends .
-- It's
bedtime / not yet dad / ok. , come ,
take off your clothes and put on your pajamas .
-- Where is
he ? / At the bank / where is the bank ? / on 33 Ramses st.
-- That is a nice watch, where is it from, Japan Italy
-- Good morning mother / good morning son /
where are my sandwiches ? / come and have breakfast at the table , it is better
for your health .
-- Are you
going downtown tomorrow ? / Yes, I am
/ may you get a train ticket for I'll be working many hours all this
week. / ok.
-- Now that
the school year has come to an end, how will you spend the summer
vacation? / I'll go to U.S.A / who
are you going to visit there? / my family.
-- Do you
want me to bring you anything for lunch?
/ No, thanks I had eaten a
sandwich before I left home.
-- Have you
ever been to London U.S.
-- Are Ahmed and George doing their
homeworks? / no, they aren't / what
are they doing? / they are playing on the computer /
since when? / they have been doing this since six o'clock (for 3 hours now).
Comprehension:
The concept of love
The best thing in the world is to love God
and love everyone through or within our love for God.
It
is great to love our parents, life partener, children, friends, and everyone,
and even our enemies. We should love them as we said , through and within our
love to God. Therefore, love should be wise and spiritual, for there are kinds
of false love that may cause harm and may destroy a lot of things. True love
wants always to give as to receive.
What may
false love cause?
____________________________________________
What is the
greatest thing?
___________________________________________
About the following topic: Virtues and
vices with other concepts.
1) Write a dialogue between you and one
or more of your friends (at least 5 lines).
2) Write an essay (at least 7 lines).
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