تعلم وأتقن الإنجليزية بسهولة
: Level 12 - حشمت كمال
Level 12 [Meena]
(H.K.)
Direct and Indirect Speech
سندرسه في
الثلاث حالات :
1) Statements
2)
Questions
3) Commands
وببساطة
نقول أن التحويل من الdirect لل indirect
يكون حسب الجدول الآتي :
Direct [Meena]
|
Indirect
|
|
1
|
Present (simple, continuous)
|
Past (simple, continuous)
|
2
|
Will (H.K.)
|
Would
|
3
|
Past simple or present perfect
|
Past perfect
|
4
|
Would + infinitive(المصدر)
|
Would have + past participle
|
5
|
Fact (حقيقة أو واقع)
|
Stays the same (تبقى كما هي)
|
وبعض الكلمات يتم تغييرها
أيضا من الdirect لل indirect
كالآتي :
+
This – that / these – those / here – there / now – then ( at that time )
/ come – go, go – go, came-went, went-went / ago – before / today – that day /
tomorrow – the next day, the day after , the following day / yesterday – the
day before, the previous day / may – might . [Meena]
وبالنسبة
للكلمات الآتية تظل كما هي :
Must , might , could , would , should , ought
والأمثلة التالية توضح
هذه القواعد (الأمثلة التالية مرتبة حسب ترتيب القواعد في الجدول السابق) :
1) Statements (said to -- / told --
that)
1) Mark
said to me, "I am learning French" - direct
He told
me that he was learning French
- indirect (reported)
2) He
said to Mary, "I will come tomorrow"
He told
Mary that he would go the next day .
3) He
said to me, "I finished my work"
He told
me that he had finished his work .
4) He
said, "If I had the money , I would buy a house" .
He said
that if he had had the money he would have bought a house .
5) When
what is said is a fact, it remains the same.
He
said, "The triangle has 3 sides" (H.K.)
He said
that the triangle has 3 sides .
2) Questions (said to -- / asked – if,
asked --, wanted to know )
--- Roushdy said, "What time do the banks
close?"
He
wanted to know what time the banks closed.
--- John said to me, "Are you
playing now?"
He asked
me if I was (were) playing at that time.
--- The policeman said to us, "Where are you
going?"
He
asked us where we were going
"Did you speak French?" He said to
me.
He asked
me if I had spoken French.
3) Commands (said to -- / ordered -- to , requested --to ,
asked -- to)
He said to me, "Go
away"
He ordered
me to go away [Meena]
He said to him, "Play the piano,
please"
He requested
him to play the piano.
He said to them, "Don’t shut the
door"
He asked
them not to shut the door.
All the previous examples are when what was
said , was in the past (said to), but if the act is in the present (say) or in
the future (will say) , the sentence does not change .
Ex:
1) He says , "This work is too difficult"
He says that this work is too
difficult. (H.K.)
2) He will say,
"This work is too difficult"
He will say that this work is too
difficult.
H.W. rewrite the following sentences in
the indirect form: [Meena]
1) They said "We are
students" / They
________________________
2)
He said "I'll be playing football tomorrow" __________________
3)
She said "I've just finished" ______________
4)
we say "she is beautiful" _________________
5)
you will say "He is smart" ________________
6)
They said to me "Are you the English teacher?"
_________________
7)
I said to him "Go away" _________
|
N.B .: 1) It is always better to use the
direct speech, than the indirect speech.
2) It's not always
necessary to change the verb when we change the direct into the indirect speech
(the reported speech) especially if we are reporting (saying) something and we
feel that it is still true or still happening : (H.K.)
Ex: Ahmed said "I want to
go to Egypt
Ahmed said (that) he wants (or
wanted) to go to Egypt
Zaki said "I woke up feeling
ill and so I stayed in bed"
Zaki said (that) he woke (or
had woken) up feeling ill and so he stayed (or had stayed) in bed.
كلمات متشابهة وتوضيح
الفروق بينها في جمل :
H.W. (ضروري محاولة وضع كل
منهم في جملة أخرى)
Above / over : who live
in the flat above you? / the lamp is over the desk
Near / beside
/ next to : our house is near the sea / we sit beside each
others / our house is next to the bank. [Meena]
Below / under
(underneath) : the temperature is below freezing point / put
it under the table (H.K.) [Meena]
In front of /
opposite / before : behave in a better way before the children / our
house is opposite the bank / put matters before God in prayers
Too / enough (too
comes before the adjective but enough comes after it) :
Magdy is too
young to go to school
Magdy can't
go to school this year because he is not old enough.
May / might : might is the past of may , and
sometimes it is used when there is less possibility , and also for politeness .
Ex : Where is
your brother today? he may be at work.
What is he
doing now? He might be watching TV.
Should (ought
to) / must : [Meena]
You should
(ought to) do it المفروض (يستحسن) تعملها
You must do
it لازم
تعملها
Deed /
work / job
/ occupation /
career (مهنة الحياة العملية
للإنسان) /profession
(مهنة
الإنسان التي درسها أو تدرب عليها):
Ex : repent
of your evil deeds / he wants to
finish his work now / he wants to get a good fulltime job / what is your occupation? I'm a doctor / he started his career 3
years ago / teaching is a profession.
Leave / stop
/ forsake (leave forever) / quit (stop and leave) :
Ex : she left
her book on the desk / you must stop
this loud noise / they all forsook him
after he had become poor / he quit
smoking
Speak / talk :
Ex : do you
speak English / speak good things / it is I who speak /
I'll not talk
much with you because I have something to do / this is he whom you need to talk
to .
Like / as : (like
is followed by a noun or a pronoun / as is followed by subject + verb)
Ex : It is like
the other one / like me (you, him, her, it, us, them) / like this
(that, these, those) / like someone (or something)
Write it as
it is / just as I told you / stay as you are / as usual
/ as you know.
NB. Sometimes
we also put a noun after as : 1) when we talk about someone's job, or 2)
how we use something
Ex : 1) He
worked as a bus driver. 2) This hotel
was used as a hospital.
"A
few" , "many" and "a lot of" are used with countable plural nouns
,
ex: she
bought a few pens
"A
little" , "much" and "a lot of" are used with uncountable nouns
ex : please ,
I need a little rest.
Things
to know
in
case علشان لو
/ in
case of في حالة
After
"in case" comes "subject + verb" , but after
"in case of" comes "noun"
He wears two watches in case one of them stops.
We bought more food in case they came.
We rang the bell again in case they hadn't
heard the first time.
In case of emergency , telephone this number.
الفرق بين while وبين during
After
while comes "subject + verb" , but after
during comes "noun"
Ex: He ate while he was watching
TV.
He ate during the film [Meena]
استخدامات بعض الكلمات :
استخدامات كلمة "need"
I need to
rest. /
I needed to rest / the house needs cleaning
I don't need
to rest / I didn't need to rest / the
house doesn't need cleaning [Meena]
I needn't
rest /
I needn't have rested (it wasn't necessary but I rested) / the house
needn't cleaning.
استخدامات كلمة "mind" :
Keep (bear,
have) in mind to do it tomorrow
Keep (set)
your mind on your work.
Turn (put)
your mind to it.
She took her
mind off her sorrow
Have you made
up your mind yet? No, I'm still in two minds about it
He is out of
his mind (he's mad)
I'm sorry , I
broke the bottle . Never (don't) mind,
we'll get another one.
Conversations:
At the
airport : I'd like to check in for flight number 758
that is going to London ten fifteen , and here is your boarding pass /
thank you .
The customs : Which
is your luggage ? / this is my luggage , two suitcases and a handbag / have you
anything to declare ? / yes I have a mobile phone and some presents .
Ordering
goods from a supermarket : Yes,
please , I'd like some goods to be sent to my home / sure sir , can I take your
home address / yea, I live in 33 Rameses St. , second floor appartment # 4 /
good , and what would you like? / I need a bottle of milk , three kilos of rice
, one coffee creamer medium size and a bag of sugar .
Tourism : Where are you from ? / I'm from Cairo , Egypt
/ oh, that's great, I'd love to visit Egypt
At the
railway station : Can I help you? / yes please, I'd like a
ticket to Aswan 7:00
am . (in the morning) / first or second class? / first class / ok.
here you are / thank you / you're very welcome. (H.K.)
At the
doctor's clinic : Doctor , my
eyes hurt me much / how long have you had this? / for about a week now / don't
worry , let me see / they get red especially when I use the computer / I'll
give you eye drops , you should use it two times a day and everything will be
ok. / Thank you.
Comprehension
: How to spend leisure time :
Leisure time
can be useful or harmful. Among the useful things that suits leisure time , to
those who can read and like reading , is to read. It is important to choose
such a reading that is useful for building your personality intellectually,
spiritually and socially … .
Another
method is listening, listen to your father and mother, to friends, to cassette
tapes and to the T.V., but in all this you should choose useful things for you.
No objection
at all to getting some entertainment , amusement, rest or relaxation, for all these
things are also useful and no one can continuously concentrate, be serious, or
be in tension all the time.
To summarize
the whole matter , everything can be useful to me if I do it the right way, in
the right place and in the best time.
Is there a
problem of getting some rest? __________________
What is
useful for us? _____________________________
Is reading
useful to everyone? _________________________
About: How
can we, easily, learn and be excellent at English
1) Write a dialogue between you and one
or more of your friends (at least 7 lines).
2) Write an essay (at least 10 lines).
Speaking
English
: [Meena] Now ,
after you have studied this book by heart and have memorized everything in it ,
can you speak , read and write English good?
/ yes, sure , not only good but
very good , now I'm excellent and brilliant at English /
could you make up your own conversations as you need in your daily
life? /
of course / will you help others
learning English? / sure, I will
/ will you do this honestly / Yes,
I promise to do it honestly , so that God may also help me when I'm in
need / very good , you are a good person
, may God be with you / and also with you sir / thank you / thank you sir very
much .
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